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From: TC on 31 Oct 2005 09:39
Fat-soluble vitamins -- vitamins A, D, E and K build up in the fat
tissues, which means that you do not need to take them every day. If
you do take a lot daily you may end up with more in the system than is
good. You can get too much of these.

The water soluble vitamins like the B vitamins and C can be taken daily
in rather high amounts with no toxicity issues. Your body will store
some in the liver and any excess will flush out with the urine.

TC

Mitesh P wrote:
> I have often seen people rush to vitamin shops to buy Vitamin C pills,
> or other specific vitamins, and they still continue to ingest a multi
> vitamin. My question is, is it possible to take in too much of a
> specific vitamin, and if so can there be any adverse effects or does
> the body just flush them out? Any information would be greatly
> appreciated. Thanks

From: Juhana Harju on 31 Oct 2005 10:14
John Sankey wrote:
: There are a few vitamins which produce health problems with
: overdose - the oil-soluble ones that are stored in their
: oil-soluble form in our bodies. I'm not aware of any water-soluble
: vitamin that causes health problems in excess.

B6 is water soluble but still it can cause neuropathy. The tolerable upper
limit is not so far away.

: A & D are the most documented problem vitamins in overdose.
: Look for TUL's Tolerable Upper Limits in non-commercial listings
: of vitamins. For the most part, excesses of the others simply
: end up in the sewer system!

The most likely is overdosing of vitamin A (retinol) which is associated
with reduced bone density.

--
Juhana


From: Matti Narkia on 1 Nov 2005 06:01
31 Oct 2005 06:39:41 -0800 in article
<1130769581.916677.178000(a)o13g2000cwo.googlegroups.com> "TC"
<tunderbar(a)hotmail.com> wrote:
>
>The water soluble vitamins like the B vitamins and C can be taken daily
>in rather high amounts with no toxicity issues.
>
This is not true. Long term use of high doses vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) can
cause neuropathy, which is usually reversible if the daily doses are about
250-500 mg, but irreversible, if doses are grams. Vitamin B3 (niacin) is not
harmless either: large doses can cause liver damage.

References:

Pyridoxine
----------

1: Perry TA, Weerasuriya A, Mouton PR, Holloway HW, Greig NH.
Pyridoxine-induced toxicity in rats: a stereological quantification of the
sensory neuropathy.
Exp Neurol. 2004 Nov;190(1):133-44.
PMID: 15473987 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15473987>

2: Levine S, Saltzman A.
Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) neurotoxicity: enhancement by protein-deficient
diet.
J Appl Toxicol. 2004 Nov-Dec;24(6):497-500.
PMID: 15558839 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15558839>

3: Arkaravichien T, Sattayasai N, Daduang S, Sattayasai J.
Dose-dependent effects of glutamate in pyridoxine-induced neuropathy.
Food Chem Toxicol. 2003 Oct;41(10):1375-80.
PMID: 12909271 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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4: Levine S, Saltzman A.
Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) toxicity: enhancement by uremia in rats.
Food Chem Toxicol. 2002 Oct;40(10):1449-51.
PMID: 12387307 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12387307>

5: Chattopadhyay M, Wolfe D, Huang S, Goss J, Glorioso JC, Mata M, Fink DJ.
In vivo gene therapy for pyridoxine-induced neuropathy by herpes simplex
virus-mediated gene transfer of neurotrophin-3.
Ann Neurol. 2002 Jan;51(1):19-27.
PMID: 11782980 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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6: Callizot N, Warter JM, Poindron P.
Pyridoxine-induced neuropathy in rats: a sensory neuropathy that responds
to 4-methylcatechol.
Neurobiol Dis. 2001 Aug;8(4):626-35.
PMID: 11493027 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11493027&<

7: Helgren ME, Cliffer KD, Torrento K, Cavnor C, Curtis R, DiStefano PS,
Wiegand SJ, Lindsay RM.
Neurotrophin-3 administration attenuates deficits of pyridoxine-induced
large-fiber sensory neuropathy.
J Neurosci. 1997 Jan 1;17(1):372-82.
PMID: 8987762 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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8: Bellibas SE, Guidobono F, Bettica P, Netti C, Pecile A.
Effects of pyridoxine neurotoxicity on a distribution of calcitonin
gene-related peptide binding sites.
Pol J Pharmacol. 1997 Jan-Feb;49(1):37-42.
PMID: 9431550 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9431550>

9: McLachlan RS, Brown WF.
Pyridoxine dependent epilepsy with iatrogenic sensory neuronopathy.
Can J Neurol Sci. 1995 Feb;22(1):50-1.
PMID: 7750075 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=7750075>

10: Dordain G, Deffond D.
[Pyridoxine neuropathies. Review of the literature]
Therapie. 1994 Jul-Aug;49(4):333-7. Review. French.
PMID: 7878600 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=7878600>

11: Morra M, Philipszoon HD, D'Andrea G, Cananzi AR, L'Erario R, Milone FF.
Sensory and motor neuropathy caused by excessive ingestion of vitamin B6: a
case report.
Funct Neurol. 1993 Nov-Dec;8(6):429-32.
PMID: 8150322 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8150322>

12: Berger AR, Schaumburg HH, Schroeder C, Apfel S, Reynolds R.
Dose response, coasting, and differential fiber vulnerability in human
toxic neuropathy: a prospective study of pyridoxine neurotoxicity.
Neurology. 1992 Jul;42(7):1367-70.
PMID: 1620347 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=1620347>

13: Santoro L, Ragno M, Nucciotti R, Barbieri F, Caruso G.
Pyridoxine neuropathy. A four-year electrophysiological and clinical
follow-up of a severe case.
Acta Neurol (Napoli). 1991 Feb;13(1):13-8.
PMID: 1867126 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=1867126>

14: Nisar M, Watkin SW, Bucknall RC, Agnew RA.
Exacerbation of isoniazid induced peripheral neuropathy by pyridoxine.
Thorax. 1990 May;45(5):419-20.
PMID: 2166360 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=2166360>

15: Bernstein AL.
Vitamin B6 in clinical neurology.
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1990;585:250-60. Review.
PMID: 2162644 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=2162644>

16: Bender DA.
Vitamin B6 requirements and recommendations.
Eur J Clin Nutr. 1989 May;43(5):289-309. Review.
PMID: 2661220 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=2661220>

17: Bassler KH.
Use and abuse of high dosages of vitamin B6.
Int J Vitam Nutr Res Suppl. 1989;30:120-6. Review.
PMID: 2507692 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=2507692>

18: Krinke GJ, Fitzgerald RE.
The pattern of pyridoxine-induced lesion: difference between the high and
the low toxic level.
Toxicology. 1988 Apr;49(1):171-8.
PMID: 3376123 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=3376123>

19: Montpetit VJ, Clapin DF, Tryphonas L, Dancea S.
Alteration of neuronal cytoskeletal organization in dorsal root ganglia
associated with pyridoxine neurotoxicity.
Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 1988;76(1):71-81.
PMID: 3394495 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=3394495>

20: Albin RL, Albers JW, Greenberg HS, Townsend JB, Lynn RB, Burke JM Jr,
Alessi AG.
Acute sensory neuropathy-neuronopathy from pyridoxine overdose.
Neurology. 1987 Nov;37(11):1729-32.
PMID: 2823181 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=2823181>

21: Dalton K, Dalton MJ.
Characteristics of pyridoxine overdose neuropathy syndrome.
Acta Neurol Scand. 1987 Jul;76(1):8-11.
PMID: 3630649 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=3630649>

22: Waterston JA, Gilligan BS.
Pyridoxine neuropathy.
Med J Aust. 1987 Jun 15;146(12):640-2.
PMID: 3041185 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=3041185>

23: Windebank AJ, Low PA, Blexrud MD, Schmelzer JD, Schaumburg HH.
Pyridoxine neuropathy in rats: specific degeneration of sensory axons.
Neurology. 1985 Nov;35(11):1617-22.
PMID: 2997659 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=2997659>

24: Windebank AJ.
Neurotoxicity of pyridoxine analogs is related to coenzyme structure.
Neurochem Pathol. 1985 Fall;3(3):159-67.
PMID: 4094726 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=4094726>

25: Parry GJ, Bredesen DE.
Sensory neuropathy with low-dose pyridoxine.
Neurology. 1985 Oct;35(10):1466-8.
PMID: 2993949 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=2993949>

26: Ohnishi A, Ishibashi H, Ohtani K, Matsunaga K, Yamamoto T.
[Peripheral sensory neuropathy produced by a megadose of vitamin B6]
J UOEH. 1985 Jun 1;7(2):201-5. Japanese.
PMID: 2992059 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=2992059>

27: Krinke G, Naylor DC, Skorpil V.
Pyridoxine megavitaminosis: an analysis of the early changes induced with
massive doses of vitamin B6 in rat primary sensory neurons.
J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1985 Mar;44(2):117-29.
PMID: 3973633 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=3973633>

28: Schaumburg H, Kaplan J, Windebank A, Vick N, Rasmus S, Pleasure D,
Brown MJ.
Sensory neuropathy from pyridoxine abuse. A new megavitamin syndrome.
N Engl J Med. 1983 Aug 25;309(8):445-8.
PMID: 6308447 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=6308447>

29: Schaeppi U, Krinke G.
Pyridoxine neuropathy: correlation of functional tests and neuropathology
in beagle dogs treated with large doses of vitamin B6.
Agents Actions. 1982 Oct;12(4):575-82.
PMID: 7180742 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=7180742>

30: Hoover DM, Carlton WW, Henrikson CK.
Ultrastructural lesions of pyridoxine toxicity in beagle dogs.
Vet Pathol. 1981 Nov;18(6):769-77.
PMID: 7292894 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=7292894>

31: Krinke G, Schaumburg HH, Spencer PS, Suter J, Thomann P, Hess R.
Pyridoxine megavitaminosis produces degeneration of peripheral sensory
neurons (sensory neuronopathy) in the dog.
Neurotoxicology. 1981 Jan;2(1):13-24.
PMID: 15622720 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15622720>


Niacin
------

1: Rizakallah GS, Mertens MK, Brown ML, Sanner L.
Clinical inquiries. Should liver enzymes be checked in a patient taking
niacin?
J Fam Pract. 2005 Mar;54(3):265-8. Review.
PMID: 15755381 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.jfponline.com/Pages.asp?AID=1889>

2: Fukuwatari T, Morikawa Y, Sugimoto E, Shibata K.
Effects of fatty liver induced by niacin-free diet with orotic acid on the
metabolism of tryptophan to niacin in rats.
Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2002 Jun;66(6):1196-204.
PMID: 12162538 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12162538>

3: Rourk RM, Rehman NU.
Niacin. Help for your cholesterol--harm for your liver.
N C Med J. 1998 Mar-Apr;59(2):87-8. No abstract available.
PMID: 9558894 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9558894>

4: McKenney JM, Proctor JD, Harris S, Chinchili VM.
A comparison of the efficacy and toxic effects of sustained- vs
immediate-release niacin in hypercholesterolemic patients.
JAMA. 1994 Mar 2;271(9):672-7.
PMID: 8309029 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8309029>

5: O'Brien T, Silverberg JD, Nguyen TT.
Nicotinic acid-induced toxicity associated with cytopenia and decreased
levels of thyroxine-binding globulin.
Mayo Clin Proc. 1992 May;67(5):465-8.
PMID: 1405773 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=1405773>

6: Rader JI, Calvert RJ, Hathcock JN.
Hepatic toxicity of unmodified and time-release preparations of niacin.
Am J Med. 1992 Jan;92(1):77-81. Review.
PMID: 1731514 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=1731514>

7: Katan MB, van Dusseldorp M.
[Toxicity of high doses of vitamin B6 and nicotinic acid]
Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1988 Apr 9;132(15):662-3. Dutch. No abstract
available.
PMID: 3374641 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=3374641>

8: PARDUE WO.
Severe liver dysfunction during nicotinic acid therapy.
JAMA. 1961 Jan 14;175:137-8. No abstract available.
PMID: 13732750 [PubMed - OLDMEDLINE for Pre1966]
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=13732750>



--
Matti Narkia
From: therahulk on 1 Nov 2005 06:06
Yeah its also good to remember that the extent of vitamin storage can
be quite large in some cases. A healthy adult has a year's supply of
Vitamin A, Vitamin K for about 6 months. People can be overly cautious
at times.

From: Matti Narkia on 1 Nov 2005 12:42
Tue, 01 Nov 2005 09:24:42 -0700 in article <5583783.LCJAEKKsoc(a)192.168.1.1>
Pramesh Rutajit <p2976221tongue(a)newsguy.com> wrote:

>Matti Narkia wrote:
>
>> 31 Oct 2005 06:39:41 -0800 in article
>> <1130769581.916677.178000(a)o13g2000cwo.googlegroups.com> "TC"
>> <tunderbar(a)hotmail.com> wrote:
>>>
>>>The water soluble vitamins like the B vitamins and C can be taken daily
>>>in rather high amounts with no toxicity issues.
>>>
>> This is not true. Long term use of high doses vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) can
>> cause neuropathy, which is usually reversible if the daily doses are about
>> 250-500 mg, but irreversible, if doses are grams. Vitamin B3 (niacin) is
>> not harmless either: large doses can cause liver damage.
>
>In an attempt to find all avenues to control homocysteine, I've taken doses
>as high as 1000 mg/day of B6 for 3+ months without any side effects.

You have been very lucky. More than 10 years ago I developed a mild sensory
neuropathy in my feet after taking 250 mg/d for a lengthy period (I think at
least 6 months, probably over a year). Fortunately the symptoms disappeared
a few months after the discontinuation of B6. With larges doses, say 2 g/d
or more the condition is usually more severe and irreversible.

--
Matti Narkia
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