Free Reactive Iron In Psoriasis
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From: ironjustice on 28 Jun 2008 09:39 "Increase in free reactive iron in psoriasis" LETTER TO EDITOR Year : 2008 | Volume : 74 | Issue : 3 | Page : 277-278 Role of free reactive iron in psoriasis Arpita Ghosh, Soma Mukhopadhyay, Manoj Kar Department of Biochemistry, NRS Medical College and Hospital, Kolkatta, West Bengal, India Correspondence Address: Manoj Kar Department of Biochemistry, NRS Medical College and Hospital, Kolkatta India Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None How to cite this article: Ghosh A, Mukhopadhyay S, Kar M. Role of free reactive iron in psoriasis. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2008;74:277-8 How to cite this URL: Ghosh A, Mukhopadhyay S, Kar M. Role of free reactive iron in psoriasis. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol [serial online] 2008 [cited 2008 Jun 28];74:277-8. Available from: http://www.ijdvl.com/text.asp?2008/74/3/277/41390 Sir, Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory autoimmune skin disease. [1] Recently, oxidative stress has been implicated in the etiopathology of psoriasis. Reduced level of serum super oxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and elevated level of nitric oxide (NO) has been reported. [2],[3],[4] The causative factor of such oxidative stress is not yet clearly known. In psoriatic plaque blood capillaries are dilated and become tortuous to form loops which may cause breakdown of erythrocytes to release hemoglobin. Moreover, low GPX and SOD may help to elevate the level of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) which further causes break down of hemoglobin within erythrocyte to form nonheme reactive iron. This free reactive iron can catalyze Haber- Weiss reaction and generate deadly damaging hydroxyl radical which in turn damage cellular constituents. [5] To investigate whether free reactive iron has any role in secondary pathogenesis of psoriatic lesion, we sought to study the level of free reactive iron in stroma free hemolysate. Serum level of cellular damage marker thiobarbituric acid reacting substance (TBARS), total thiol, total antioxidant status (TAS), and ferritin were also measured from blood sample of psoriasis patients by standard methods [Table 1]. Sixteen patients were selected for our study (13 males and 3 females) and all had stable plaque type psoriasis, two with psoriasic arthritis. Patients were within the age group of 25-36. The psoriasis area severity index of the patients ranged from 10 to 60. The mean level of free reactive iron from stroma free hemolysate (214.91 ìgm/g of Hb) as compared to that of normal control volunteers (118.15 ìg/g of Hb) and the cellular damage marker TBARS (3.23 nmol/ml) compare to that of normal control volunteers (1.31 nmol/ml) were found to highly significant ( P < 0.001) and significant ( P < 0.05), respectively. The TAS level was also found to be significantly low (0.6 Trolox equivalent) when compare to normal control (1.37 Trolox equivalent). The values of total thiol and ferritin were not statistically significantly different, but mean values were lower for total thiol and higher for ferritin. Ferrous iron with six coordination states is bound and tamed within protoporphyrin ring of hemoglobin. Under specific circumstances like oxidative stress or over production of H 2 O 2 , it comes out of the ring and can ligate with other part of globin chain. This non-heme iron has been termed free reactive iron which can generate cytotoxic hydroxyl radical by Fenton reaction in presence of H 2 O 2 . [5] Our findings indicate the increase in level of free reactive iron and lower level of antioxidant status in psoriasis. This may contribute via free radical generation to the development of secondary cellular damage and pathological state in psoriasis vulgaris. Therapeutic use of iron chelator and antioxidant drugs may be investigated for beneficial role in psoriasis. References 1. Davidson. Psoriasis. In : Principles and Practice of Medicine. 18 ed. 2002. p. 900. 2. Wang H, Peters T, Kess D, Sindrilaru A, Oreshkova T, Van Rooijen N, et al. Activated macrophages are essential in murine model for T-cell mediated chronic Psoriasiform skin inflammation. J Clin Invest 2006;116:2105-14. [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] 3. Yildirim M, Inaloz HS, Baysal V, Delibas N. The role of oxidants and antioxidants in Psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2003;17:34-6. [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] 4. Trouba KJ, Hamadeh HK, Amin RP, Germolec DR. Oxidative stress and its role in skin disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2002;4:665-73. [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] 5. Gokhale NR, Belgaumkar VA, Pandit DP, Deshpande S, Damle DK. A study of serum nitric oxide level in psoriasis. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2005;71:175-8. --------------------------------------- Acta Derm Venereol. 2004;84(1):2-5. Related Articles, Links In vivo assessment of iron and ascorbic acid in psoriatic dermis. Leveque N, Robin S, Muret P, Mac-Mary S, Makki S, Berthelot A, Kantelip JP, Humbert P. Laboratory of Cutaneous Bioengineering, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Besancon, France. Reactive oxygen species play an important role in inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis. Reactive oxygen species synthesis is catalysed by iron and some species are scavenged by ascorbic acid. The aim of this work was to assess iron and ascorbic acid in uninvolved and involved psoriatic dermis and to compare the corresponding concentrations in the dermis of healthy subjects. Microdialysis associated with atomic absorption spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to assess iron and ascorbic acid, respectively. Seven psoriatic patients and five healthy volunteers were studied. Iron concentrations in the involved (57.1 +/- 19.3 microg/l) and uninvolved (49.7 +/- 27.1 microgl/l) psoriatic dermis were higher than the corresponding value determined in the dermis of healthy subjects (21.8 +/- 2.4 microg/l) (p<0.05). Ascorbic acid in involved (47.3 +/- 8.2 microg/ml) and uninvolved (42.0 +/- 14.0 microg/ml) psoriatic dermis was statistically lower than that found in healthy dermis (176.8 +/- 29.0 microg/ml) (p<0.05). These results demonstrate that psoriatic patients exhibit high iron and low ascorbic acid concentrations in the dermis, but there were no significant differences between involved and uninvolved skin. PMID: 15040469 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] -------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------ Who loves ya. Tom Jesus Was A Vegetarian! http://tinyurl.com/2r2nkh Man Is A Herbivore! http://tinyurl.com/4rq595 DEAD PEOPLE WALKING http://tinyurl.com/zk9fk
From: ironjustice on 28 Jun 2008 11:30 On Jun 28, 6:39 am, ironjustice <teamtan...(a)hotmail.com> wrote: psoriatic patients exhibit high iron and low ascorbic acid concentrations in the dermis << This is precisely what the researchers found in their .. accidentally .. poisoned mice. http://tinyurl.com/4uex2a They found something in the chow they are feeding their mice leads to "high iron and low ascorbic acid concentrations in the dermis" .. which leads to increased uroporphyrins in the body / increased lactate dehydrogenase which is a sign of hemolysis / destruction of red blood cells. Sooo .. the researchers from India believe a high red blood cell breakdown causes a high iron low vitamin C content in the skin of psoriasis AND .. **we** know giving strange chow to a mouse gives the same "high iron and low ascorbic acid concentrations in the dermis" .. ? .. means .. ? Is it .. our .. chow / polycythemia .. which causes psoriasis .. ? Who loves ya. Tom Jesus Was A Vegetarian! http://tinyurl.com/2r2nkh Man Is A Herbivore! http://tinyurl.com/4rq595 DEAD PEOPLE WALKING http://tinyurl.com/zk9fk > "Increase in free reactive iron in psoriasis" > > LETTER TO EDITOR > > Year : 2008 | Volume : 74 | Issue : 3 | Page : 277-278 > > Role of free reactive iron in psoriasis > > Arpita Ghosh, Soma Mukhopadhyay, Manoj Kar > Department of Biochemistry, NRS Medical College and Hospital, > Kolkatta, West Bengal, India > Correspondence Address: > Manoj Kar > Department of Biochemistry, NRS Medical College and Hospital, > Kolkatta > India > > Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None > > How to cite this article: > Ghosh A, Mukhopadhyay S, Kar M. Role of free reactive iron in > psoriasis. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2008;74:277-8 > > How to cite this URL: > Ghosh A, Mukhopadhyay S, Kar M. Role of free reactive iron in > psoriasis. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol [serial online] 2008 > [cited 2008 Jun 28];74:277-8. Available from:http://www.ijdvl.com/text.asp?2008/74/3/277/41390 > > Sir, > > Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory autoimmune skin disease. [1] > Recently, oxidative stress has been implicated in the etiopathology of > psoriasis. Reduced level of serum super oxide dismutase (SOD), > glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and elevated level of nitric oxide (NO) > has been reported. [2],[3],[4] The causative factor of such oxidative > stress is not yet clearly known. In psoriatic plaque blood capillaries > are dilated and become tortuous to form loops which may cause > breakdown of erythrocytes to release hemoglobin. Moreover, low GPX and > SOD may help to elevate the level of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) > which further causes break down of hemoglobin within erythrocyte to > form nonheme reactive iron. This free reactive iron can catalyze Haber- > Weiss reaction and generate deadly damaging hydroxyl radical which in > turn damage cellular constituents. [5] > > To investigate whether free reactive iron has any role in secondary > pathogenesis of psoriatic lesion, we sought to study the level of free > reactive iron in stroma free hemolysate. Serum level of cellular > damage marker thiobarbituric acid reacting substance (TBARS), total > thiol, total antioxidant status (TAS), and ferritin were also measured > from blood sample of psoriasis patients by standard methods [Table 1]. > > Sixteen patients were selected for our study (13 males and 3 females) > and all had stable plaque type psoriasis, two with psoriasic > arthritis. Patients were within the age group of 25-36. The psoriasis > area severity index of the patients ranged from 10 to 60. The mean > level of free reactive iron from stroma free hemolysate (214.91 ìgm/g > of Hb) as compared to that of normal control volunteers (118.15 ìg/g > of Hb) and the cellular damage marker TBARS (3.23 nmol/ml) compare to > that of normal control volunteers (1.31 nmol/ml) were found to highly > significant ( P < 0.001) and significant ( P < 0.05), respectively. > The TAS level was also found to be significantly low (0.6 Trolox > equivalent) when compare to normal control (1.37 Trolox equivalent). > The values of total thiol and ferritin were not statistically > significantly different, but mean values were lower for total thiol > and higher for ferritin. > > Ferrous iron with six coordination states is bound and tamed within > protoporphyrin ring of hemoglobin. Under specific circumstances like > oxidative stress or over production of H 2 O 2 , it comes out of the > ring and can ligate with other part of globin chain. This non-heme > iron has been termed free reactive iron which can generate cytotoxic > hydroxyl radical by Fenton reaction in presence of H 2 O 2 . [5] > > Our findings indicate the increase in level of free reactive iron and > lower level of antioxidant status in psoriasis. This may contribute > via free radical generation to the development of secondary cellular > damage and pathological state in psoriasis vulgaris. Therapeutic use > of iron chelator and antioxidant drugs may be investigated for > beneficial role in psoriasis. > > References > > 1. Davidson. Psoriasis. In : Principles and Practice of Medicine. 18 > ed. 2002. p. 900. > 2. Wang H, Peters T, Kess D, Sindrilaru A, Oreshkova T, Van Rooijen N, > et al. Activated macrophages are essential in murine model for T-cell > mediated chronic Psoriasiform skin inflammation. J Clin Invest > 2006;116:2105-14. [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] > 3. Yildirim M, Inaloz HS, Baysal V, Delibas N. The role of oxidants > and antioxidants in Psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol > 2003;17:34-6. [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] > 4. Trouba KJ, Hamadeh HK, Amin RP, Germolec DR. Oxidative stress and > its role in skin disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2002;4:665-73. > [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] > 5. Gokhale NR, Belgaumkar VA, Pandit DP, Deshpande S, Damle DK. A > study of serum nitric oxide level in psoriasis. Indian J Dermatol > Venereol Leprol 2005;71:175-8. > > --------------------------------------- > > Acta Derm Venereol. 2004;84(1):2-5. Related Articles, Links > > In vivo assessment of iron and ascorbic acid in psoriatic dermis. > > Leveque N, Robin S, Muret P, Mac-Mary S, Makki S, Berthelot A, > Kantelip JP, > Humbert P. > > Laboratory of Cutaneous Bioengineering, Faculty of Medicine and > Pharmacy, > Besancon, France. > > Reactive oxygen species play an important role in inflammatory skin > diseases > such as psoriasis. Reactive oxygen species synthesis is catalysed by > iron and > some species are scavenged by ascorbic acid. The aim of this work was > to assess > iron and ascorbic acid in uninvolved and involved psoriatic dermis and > to > compare the corresponding concentrations in the dermis of healthy > subjects. > Microdialysis associated with atomic absorption spectrometry and gas > chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to assess iron and ascorbic > acid, > respectively. Seven psoriatic patients and five healthy volunteers > were > studied. Iron concentrations in the involved (57.1 +/- 19.3 microg/l) > and > uninvolved (49.7 +/- 27.1 microgl/l) psoriatic dermis were higher than > the > corresponding value determined in the dermis of healthy subjects (21.8 > +/- 2.4 > microg/l) (p<0.05). Ascorbic acid in involved (47.3 +/- 8.2 microg/ml) > and > uninvolved (42.0 +/- 14.0 microg/ml) psoriatic dermis was > statistically lower > than that found in healthy dermis (176.8 +/- 29.0 microg/ml) (p<0.05). > These > results demonstrate that psoriatic patients exhibit high iron and low > ascorbic > acid concentrations in the dermis, but there were no significant > differences > between involved and uninvolved skin. > > PMID: 15040469 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] > > -------------------------------------------------------------------------- > ------ > > Who loves ya. > Tom > > Jesus Was A Vegetarian!http://tinyurl.com/2r2nkh > > Man Is A Herbivore!http://tinyurl.com/4rq595 > > DEAD PEOPLE WALKINGhttp://tinyurl.com/zk9fk
From: ironjustice on 28 Jun 2008 12:54 On Jun 28, 8:30 am, ironjustice <teamtan...(a)hotmail.com> wrote:psoriatic patients exhibit high iron and low ascorbic acid concentrations in the dermis << "It may suggest that there is a relationship between the two diseases." Case Report The Coexistence of Photosensitive Psoriasis with Chronic Actinic Dermatitis Bijaylaxmi Sahoo, Bhushan Kumar Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India Address of Corresponding Author Dermatology 2002;204:77-79 (DOI: 10.1159/000051817) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Key Words Photosensitivity Chronic actinic dermatitis Photosensitive psoriasis -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract A 57-year-old-male who had been a known case of psoriasis vulgaris for 30 years had a history of summer exacerbation of the disease. Subsequently in the course of the disease process, he developed lesions of chronic actinic dermatitis (CAD) on the face and dorsum of both hands. The association of CAD with photosensitive psoriasis is very rare. Only one case report is known till now. It may suggest that there is a relationship between the two diseases. Copyright © 2002 S. Karger AG, Basel -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Author Contacts Prof. Dr. Bhushan Kumar Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology PGIMER Chandigarh (India) Fax +91 172 744401, E-Mail kumarbhushan(a)hotmail.com -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Article Information Received: Received: August 11, 2000 Accepted: August 9, 2001 Who loves ya. Tom Jesus Was A Vegetarian! http://tinyurl.com/2r2nkh Man Is A Herbivore! http://tinyurl.com/4rq595 DEAD PEOPLE WALKING http://tinyurl.com/zk9fk > On Jun 28, 6:39 am, ironjustice <teamtan...(a)hotmail.com> wrote: > psoriatic patients exhibit high iron and low ascorbic acid > concentrations in the dermis << > > This is precisely what the researchers found in their .. > accidentally .. poisoned mice. > > http://tinyurl.com/4uex2a > > They found something in the chow they are feeding their mice leads to > "high iron and low ascorbic acid concentrations in the dermis" .. > which leads to increased uroporphyrins in the body / increased lactate > dehydrogenase which is a sign of hemolysis / destruction of red blood > cells. > > Sooo .. the researchers from India believe a high red blood cell > breakdown causes a high iron low vitamin C content in the skin of > psoriasis AND .. **we** know giving strange chow to a mouse gives the > same "high iron and low ascorbic acid concentrations in the > dermis" .. ? .. means .. ? > > Is it .. our .. chow / polycythemia .. which causes psoriasis .. ? > > Who loves ya. > Tom > > Jesus Was A Vegetarian!http://tinyurl.com/2r2nkh > > Man Is A Herbivore!http://tinyurl.com/4rq595 > > DEAD PEOPLE WALKINGhttp://tinyurl.com/zk9fk > > > > > "Increase in free reactive iron in psoriasis" > > > LETTER TO EDITOR > > > Year : 2008 | Volume : 74 | Issue : 3 | Page : 277-278 > > > Role of free reactive iron in psoriasis > > > Arpita Ghosh, Soma Mukhopadhyay, Manoj Kar > > Department of Biochemistry, NRS Medical College and Hospital, > > Kolkatta, West Bengal, India > > Correspondence Address: > > Manoj Kar > > Department of Biochemistry, NRS Medical College and Hospital, > > Kolkatta > > India > > > Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None > > > How to cite this article: > > Ghosh A, Mukhopadhyay S, Kar M. Role of free reactive iron in > > psoriasis. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2008;74:277-8 > > > How to cite this URL: > > Ghosh A, Mukhopadhyay S, Kar M. Role of free reactive iron in > > psoriasis. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol [serial online] 2008 > > [cited 2008 Jun 28];74:277-8. Available from:http://www.ijdvl.com/text.asp?2008/74/3/277/41390 > > > Sir, > > > Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory autoimmune skin disease. [1] > > Recently, oxidative stress has been implicated in the etiopathology of > > psoriasis. Reduced level of serum super oxide dismutase (SOD), > > glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and elevated level of nitric oxide (NO) > > has been reported. [2],[3],[4] The causative factor of such oxidative > > stress is not yet clearly known. In psoriatic plaque blood capillaries > > are dilated and become tortuous to form loops which may cause > > breakdown of erythrocytes to release hemoglobin. Moreover, low GPX and > > SOD may help to elevate the level of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) > > which further causes break down of hemoglobin within erythrocyte to > > form nonheme reactive iron. This free reactive iron can catalyze Haber- > > Weiss reaction and generate deadly damaging hydroxyl radical which in > > turn damage cellular constituents. [5] > > > To investigate whether free reactive iron has any role in secondary > > pathogenesis of psoriatic lesion, we sought to study the level of free > > reactive iron in stroma free hemolysate. Serum level of cellular > > damage marker thiobarbituric acid reacting substance (TBARS), total > > thiol, total antioxidant status (TAS), and ferritin were also measured > > from blood sample of psoriasis patients by standard methods [Table 1]. > > > Sixteen patients were selected for our study (13 males and 3 females) > > and all had stable plaque type psoriasis, two with psoriasic > > arthritis. Patients were within the age group of 25-36. The psoriasis > > area severity index of the patients ranged from 10 to 60. The mean > > level of free reactive iron from stroma free hemolysate (214.91 ìgm/g > > of Hb) as compared to that of normal control volunteers (118.15 ìg/g > > of Hb) and the cellular damage marker TBARS (3.23 nmol/ml) compare to > > that of normal control volunteers (1.31 nmol/ml) were found to highly > > significant ( P < 0.001) and significant ( P < 0.05), respectively. > > The TAS level was also found to be significantly low (0.6 Trolox > > equivalent) when compare to normal control (1.37 Trolox equivalent). > > The values of total thiol and ferritin were not statistically > > significantly different, but mean values were lower for total thiol > > and higher for ferritin. > > > Ferrous iron with six coordination states is bound and tamed within > > protoporphyrin ring of hemoglobin. Under specific circumstances like > > oxidative stress or over production of H 2 O 2 , it comes out of the > > ring and can ligate with other part of globin chain. This non-heme > > iron has been termed free reactive iron which can generate cytotoxic > > hydroxyl radical by Fenton reaction in presence of H 2 O 2 . [5] > > > Our findings indicate the increase in level of free reactive iron and > > lower level of antioxidant status in psoriasis. This may contribute > > via free radical generation to the development of secondary cellular > > damage and pathological state in psoriasis vulgaris. Therapeutic use > > of iron chelator and antioxidant drugs may be investigated for > > beneficial role in psoriasis. > > > References > > > 1. Davidson. Psoriasis. In : Principles and Practice of Medicine. 18 > > ed. 2002. p. 900. > > 2. Wang H, Peters T, Kess D, Sindrilaru A, Oreshkova T, Van Rooijen N, > > et al. Activated macrophages are essential in murine model for T-cell > > mediated chronic Psoriasiform skin inflammation. J Clin Invest > > 2006;116:2105-14. [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] > > 3. Yildirim M, Inaloz HS, Baysal V, Delibas N. The role of oxidants > > and antioxidants in Psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol > > 2003;17:34-6. [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] > > 4. Trouba KJ, Hamadeh HK, Amin RP, Germolec DR. Oxidative stress and > > its role in skin disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2002;4:665-73. > > [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] > > 5. Gokhale NR, Belgaumkar VA, Pandit DP, Deshpande S, Damle DK. A > > study of serum nitric oxide level in psoriasis. Indian J Dermatol > > Venereol Leprol 2005;71:175-8. > > > --------------------------------------- > > > Acta Derm Venereol. 2004;84(1):2-5. Related Articles, Links > > > In vivo assessment of iron and ascorbic acid in psoriatic dermis. > > > Leveque N, Robin S, Muret P, Mac-Mary S, Makki S, Berthelot A, > > Kantelip JP, > > Humbert P. > > > Laboratory of Cutaneous Bioengineering, Faculty of Medicine and > > Pharmacy, > > Besancon, France. > > > Reactive oxygen species play an important role in inflammatory skin > > diseases > > such as psoriasis. Reactive oxygen species synthesis is catalysed by > > iron and > > some species are scavenged by ascorbic acid. The aim of this work was > > to assess > > iron and ascorbic acid in uninvolved and involved psoriatic dermis and > > to > > compare the corresponding concentrations in the dermis of healthy > > subjects. > > Microdialysis associated with atomic absorption spectrometry and gas > > chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to assess iron and ascorbic > > acid, > > respectively. Seven psoriatic patients and five healthy volunteers > > were > > studied. Iron concentrations in the involved (57.1 +/- 19.3 microg/l) > > and > > uninvolved (49.7 +/- 27.1 microgl/l) psoriatic dermis were higher than > > the > > corresponding value determined in the dermis of healthy subjects (21.8 > > +/- 2.4 > > microg/l) (p<0.05). Ascorbic acid in involved (47.3 +/- 8.2 microg/ml) > > and > > uninvolved (42.0 +/- 14.0 microg/ml) psoriatic dermis was > > statistically lower > > than that found in healthy dermis (176.8 +/- 29.0 microg/ml) (p<0.05). > > These > > results demonstrate that psoriatic patients exhibit high iron and low > > ascorbic > > acid concentrations in the dermis, but there were no significant > > differences > > between involved and uninvolved skin. > > > PMID: 15040469 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] > > > -------------------------------------------------------------------------- > > ------ > > > Who loves ya. > > Tom > > > Jesus Was A Vegetarian!http://tinyurl.com/2r2nkh > > > Man Is A Herbivore!http://tinyurl.com/4rq595 > > > DEAD PEOPLE WALKINGhttp://tinyurl.com/zk9fk- Hide quoted text - > > - Show quoted text -
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